Mycobacterium tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily attacks the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. This bacterial infection leads to tuberculosis (TB), a serious and potentially fatal lung disease.
The bacterium spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or spits. Tiny droplets containing the bacteria can remain suspended in the air for several hours, making it easy for others to inhale them. Unlike other infections, TB is not spread by shaking hands, sharing food, or touching surfaces.
There are two main types of TB: latent TB infection and active TB disease.
Certain factors increase the risk of contracting TB, including weakened immune systems, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and malnutrition. Close contact with someone who has active TB is another significant risk factor. Healthcare workers, prison inmates, and those living in crowded or unsanitary conditions are also at higher risk.
Preventing TB involves vaccination, particularly with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and treating latent TB infections to stop them from becoming active. Active TB is treated with a combination of antibiotics, typically taken for six months or longer. Directly observed therapy (DOT) ensures patients complete their treatment regimen.