Low sodium levels, medically termed hyponatremia, occur when sodium concentration in the blood falls below 135 mmol/L. This imbalance can lead to severe health complications, including seizures or coma.
Sodium regulates fluid balance in the body. When sodium levels drop, excess water enters cells, causing them to swell. The brain is particularly vulnerable to this swelling, which can disrupt normal function.
Hyponatremia develops when the kidneys fail to excrete enough water or when too much sodium is lost through vomiting, diarrhea, or diuretic use. Severe cases often require immediate medical treatment.
The most common causes of hyponatremia fall into three categories:
Other contributing factors include hormonal imbalances, severe burns, or excessive sweating.
Mild hyponatremia may cause nausea, headache, or confusion. Severe cases can lead to seizures, coma, or even death due to brain swelling.
Symptoms worsen rapidly in acute hyponatremia, while chronic cases may show fewer signs despite equally dangerous sodium levels.
Doctors diagnose hyponatremia through blood tests. Treatment depends on severity and underlying cause. Mild cases may require fluid restriction, while severe cases need intravenous saline solutions.
Underlying conditions, such as kidney disease or hormonal imbalances, must also be addressed to prevent recurrence.
To prevent hyponatremia, avoid excessive water intake during intense exercise. Monitor medication side effects and seek medical advice if symptoms appear.
People with chronic conditions like kidney disease or heart failure should regularly check their sodium levels and follow their doctor's recommendations.