GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is a chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation. Unlike occasional heartburn, GERD occurs frequently enough to damage the esophagus.
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) normally closes tightly after food passes through. In GERD patients, this valve weakens or relaxes abnormally, allowing stomach contents to reflux. The acidic mixture irritates the esophagus lining, causing inflammation and potential damage over time.
| Type | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) | Symptoms without visible esophageal damage |
| Erosive esophagitis | Visible damage to esophageal lining |
| Barrett's esophagus | Precancerous changes to esophageal cells |
Symptoms include persistent heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and chronic cough. Some patients experience laryngitis or asthma-like symptoms due to acid reaching the throat.
Doctors diagnose GERD through endoscopy, pH monitoring, or esophageal manometry. Treatments include lifestyle changes, medications like PPIs, and surgery for severe cases. The Mayo Clinic recommends elevating the head of the bed and avoiding trigger foods.
I once treated GERD symptoms by eliminating spicy foods and coffee for six weeks. The improvement was noticeable within days, confirming diet's role in managing the condition.
Occasional heartburn affects most people occasionally, while GERD occurs at least twice weekly. The American College of Gastroenterology notes that GERD increases cancer risk if untreated long-term.
Unlike temporary heartburn, GERD requires medical evaluation when symptoms persist despite lifestyle changes. Untreated GERD can lead to serious complications like strictures or Barrett's esophagus.